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EXTENDED TIMELINE WIKI MAMLUK SERIES

Following Qutayba's death in 715, local revolts and the defeats at the hands of the Chinese-sponsored Turgesh (chiefly the " Day of Thirst" in 724 and the Battle of the Defile in 731) led to a gradual loss of the province: by 738, the Turgesh and their Sogdian allies were raiding Khurasan south of the Oxus. Ma wara' al-nahr) was chiefly the work of Qutayba ibn Muslim, who between 705 and 715 expanded Muslim control over Sogdiana, Khwarezm and the Jaxartes valley up to Ferghana. Following the collapse of the Sassanids, these regions had fallen under the sway of local Iranian and Turkic tribes as well as the Tang Dynasty.

EXTENDED TIMELINE WIKI MAMLUK SERIES

Byzantine naval dominance and Greek fire resulted in a major victory at the Battle of Akroinon (739) one of a series of military failures of the Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik across the empire that checked the expansion of the Umayyads and hastened their fall.Ĭonquests of Muhammad and the Rashidun Conquest of Persia and Iraq: 633–651įurther information: History of Arabs in Afghanistanįollowing the First Fitna, the Umayyads resumed the push to capture Sassanid lands and began to move towards the conquest of lands east and north of the plateau towards Greater Khorasan and the Silk Road along Transoxiana.

The second Arab siege of Constantinople, 717–718įrontier warfare continued in the form of cross border raids between the Umayyads and the Byzantine Isaurian dynasty allied with the Khazars across Asia Minor.

The first Arab siege of Constantinople, 674–678.

The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles), making it larger than all current states except the Russian Federation. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. In the case of Byzantine Egypt, Palestine and Syria, these lands had only a few years before been reacquired from the Persians, and had not been ruled by the Byzantines for over 25 years.įred McGraw Donner, however, suggests that formation of a state in the Arabian peninsula and ideological (i.e. Jews and Christians in Sassanid Persia and Jews and Monophysites in Roman Syria were dissatisfied and sometimes even welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires. The rapid fall of Visigothic Spain remains less explicable. Many historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another.

The reasons for the Muslim success are difficult to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived.

The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire. Edward Gibbon writes in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: They grew well beyond the Arabian Peninsula in the form of a Muslim Empire with an area of influence that stretched from the borders of China and the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily, and the Iberian Peninsula, to the Pyrenees. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun (The Rightly Guided Caliphs) and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Muslim power. Visigothic Kingdom (Hispania) Frankish Empire (Gaul)Īccording to traditional accounts, the Muslim conquests ( Arabic: الغزوات‎, al-Ġazawāt or Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية‎, al-Fatūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests, began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad.